Pandemics Throughout History

History of Influenza Pandemics

Influenza pandemics have been amongst the largest and the deadliest epidemics in the history of man, and were observed already in ancient times. For example, records from the fifth century B.C. suggest that influenza pandemics were observed in ancient Greece. In Europe, during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, numerous concordant reports from different countries describe epidemics of respira...

Armies of pestilence: the effects of pandemics on history

In this volume Dr Bray-a former vice-president of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene-seeks to show "that the course of history has been and can be affected by the major pandemics of infectious disease". "Practitioner history" generally enjoys low esteem in the eyes of medical historians, and-with some very distinguished exceptions-this is all too often justified by an anecdotal...

history of influenza: pandemics in iran and the world

A Study on Schools of Geography throughout the History of Islamic Civilization

The science of geography, also literally called in Arabic "faces and slices of earth", involves a kind of land survey which emerged into Islam. There were several factors contributing to geography such as command of Islam to learning, Quran geographical themes, pilgrimage routes and wide-range Muslim conquests. This article attempted to examine two major schools of geography in the Isl...

Amputation of the nose throughout history.

Mutilation of the most extruding parts of the face (nose, ears, lips) has always meant a very severe impairment, not only of the body, but of the individual’s personality, since it results in a permanent alteration in the most noble and expressive part of the human body. The nose, in particular, was considered, already in very ancient times, the principal element of one’s physiognomy not only a...